Shoveling is the best way to remove snow (and the most environmentally conscious), but if you have to use a de-icer, try using sand or kitty litter instead of salts. If you can’t get away from using a chemical deicer, use a liquid rather than granular form because it will cover a larger surface. Although liquid deicers cost more, you won’t need to use as much. You can also look for de-icers made with corn or beet because they contain less chloride.

Instead of applying a de-icer after the ice is already on the ground, try preventing ice formation by throwing it down before a storm hits. It will be easier to remove the snow and you’ll use fewer chemicals.

If you end up needing to use a chemical de-icer, read the instructions carefully so you apply it at the appropriate conditions outside and don’t end up using more than you need. For example, magnesium chloride works to -13 degrees F and calcium chloride works to -25 degrees F. It is best to avoid products containing phosphorous more than 50 parts per million.

Do not use a chemical de-icer to melt every bit of snow and ice. Use only enough to break the ice/pavement bond, and then remove the remaining slush by plowing or shoveling.

Sources: The Salt Institute; Evanston Environmental Association; National Wildlife Federation