Each running shoe is in a class of its own. Understanding what shoe fits you best means not only understanding the biomechanics behind running, but realizing how that correlates with different shoe types. The most common way to classify running shoes is by foot motion; additional classifications include cushioning levels, performance characteristics (training versus racing), different ground surfaces, and individual body weight.

Running Shoe Types:

• Neutral shoes: Neutral shoes are designed to allow the foot to follow its natural motion cycle and they are ideal for runners with neutral foot-strikes. Because these shoes do not alter the motion of the foot, they also work well for runners with supinated foot-strikes. Some running magazines refer to neutral shoes as “cushioned shoes”  but all running shoes provide some level of cushioning.
• Support shoes: These are called stability shoes and are designed for mild to moderate over-pronators who need arch-side support and good midsole cushioning. These shoes work for the broadest range of foot motions. Remember, it’s better to get a little more support than necessary than to not get enough.
• Motion-control shoes: These shoes provide maximum support on the arch side of the foot and maximum rear-foot control and are designed for moderate to severe over-pronators. These shoes are best suited for big or heavy runners with low arches (flat feet) that need plenty of support. If this maximum control shoe cannot correct your over-pronation problem, you might look into getting an orthotic, which is a device that supports your foot. Check with your health care provider to see if an orthotic might work for you.
• Cushioned shoes: Cushioning is a measure of the length of time a shoe is able to provide shock absorption. These shoes provide maximum midsole cushioning and minimum medial arch-side support. These shoes are designed for efficient runners who don’t over-pronate. Those who do best in these shoes have moderate to high arches.
• Midsole: This is typically made of a type of foam or rubber and it helps with the ride quality and durability of a shoe; it is the main location of cushioning and pronation control technologies
• Maximum cushioning: Contains the largest cushioning devices available along with midsole materials that resist breakdown. These shoes are great for high-mileage training, larger runners, and those who want a luxurious ride.
• Moderate cushioning: These have medium-sized cushioning devices and midsole needs that accommodate most runners’ needs.
• Minimum cushioning: These shoes are meant for speed and it has just enough technology to protect one’s body for racing and high volume training. Don’t expect to get many miles from these shoes.
• Performance training shoes: Runners who want light, well-balanced shoes suitable for racing, speed work, logging miles, and daily training should use performance shoes. These shoes have a low-profile design that allows them to move off the ground quicker and are best-suited for fast, efficient runners. These models wear out quicker than normal running shoes and are good for moderate over-pronators.
• Racing shoes: Wear these if you have an efficient stride, and don’t have any injuries, and are looking for fast, lightweight shoes for races.
• Trail shoes: Wear these if you are a runner who frequently runs off-road. These shoes have great outsole traction, stability, and weather-and-water-resistant qualities. These shoes don’t have as much cushioning because most off-road running is on softer surfaces where cushioning is not as important.

Body Frame Size and Shoe Types:

• Small-frame size:  These runners get more mileage out of their shoes than others.
• Moderate cushioning should be fine for most distances and training volumes.
• Everyday trainers should wear lightweight shoes.
• Medium-frame size: Will likely get average wear out of their shoes
• Moderate to maximum cushioning is appropriate for regular running.
• Lightweight shoes may be used for fast paced training and racing.
• Large-frame size: Will likely get less mileage out of their shoes than others.
• Maximum cushioning is best for those who run everyday and moderate cushioning is appropriate for occasional running.
• Use more supportive shoes.
• Lightweight shoes are good for racing.

Sources: "The Best Shoe For You", Runner’s World Magazine.