The student shall be able to perform from the following course objectives in such manner that the cumulative performance total, as measured by written examinations, meets the required grade percentages (see Grading Criteria)

A. Terminology - the student shall master terminology based upon embryonic structures and congenital malformations.

B. The student shall know the early human embryogenesis as presented:

1. fertilization
2. cleavage
3. implantation
4. embryo body formation

C. For each system and organ studied, the student shall know if expected its:

1. sequence of structural development
2. approximate time period of embryonic development
3. congenital malformations as presented
4. germ layer derivation
5. adult anatomical derivative(s)
6. identification on a diagram

Sadler, Langman's Medical Embryology, 10th ed.

None

No Lab

A. In case of illness, the instructor must be notified the day of the exam. When permission is granted, a subjective make-up test will be given.

B. No individual exams will be given prior to the regularly scheduled exam.

C. All regrades must be submitted within one week after the graded exams are returned.

Guaranteed grades are as follows:

COGNITIVE DOMAIN

The student shall be able to:

1. define the terminology listed below ("Systems/Organs/Structures") based upon embryonic structures, structural interrelationships, and congenital malformations.
   
2. for each system/organ/structure listed below, the student shall describe its:
   1. sequence of structural development
   2. approximate time period of embryonic development
   3. structural and functional interrelationships with other developing systems and/or organs (i.e., the body as a whole)
   4. normal variations and congenital malformations (this specific objective applies only to some structures)
   5. germ layer derivation
   6. adult anatomical derivative(s)
   7. identification on a diagram
3. perform competencies listed with "Early Embryology".

Systems/Organs/Structures:

Nervous System

1. Neural tube differentiation
   
2. Histogenesis of the spinal cord
   1. Ependymal layer - mitosis and migration
   2. Mantle layer - neuroblasts and gliablasts
   3. Marginal layer - axonal flow and growth
   4. Formation of columns of mantle layer
      1. GSA
      2. GVA
      3. GVE
      4. GSE
   5. Spinal tract formation in mantle layer
      1. Ascending
      2. Descending
         
3. Formation of spinal nerves
   
4. Histogenesis of the brain
   1. Ependymal layer
   2. Mantle layer
   3. Marginal layer
   4. Formation of columns of mantle layer - alar and basal plate derivatives
      1. SSA
      2. GSA
      3. GVA
      4. SVA
      5. GVE
      6. SVE
      7. GSE
   5. Brain stem structures
      1. Myelencephalon - medulla
         1. Alar plate columns
         2. Basal plate columns
         3. Olivary nuclei
      2. Metencephalon
         1. Pons
            1. Alar plate columns
            2. Basal plate columns
            3. Pontine nuclei
         2. Cerebellum - a rhombic lip derivative
            1. Cerebellar peduncles
      3. Mesencephalon - midbrain
         1. Alar plate derivatives
            1. Superior colliculi
            2. Inferior colliculi
            3. Columns
         2. Basal plate derivatives
            1. Substantial nigra
            2. Red nuclei
            3. Columns
      4. Diencephalon
         1. Epithalamus
            1. Habenula
            2. Epiphysis
         2. Thalamus
         3. Hypothalamus
            1. Nuclei
            2. Relationships to hypophysis
      5. Telencephalon
         1. Cerebral hemispheres
            1. Frontal lobes
            2. Parietal lobes
            3. Temporal lobes
            4. Occipital lobes
         2. Internal capsule
         3. Basal nuclei
            1. Caudate n.
            2. Lentiform n.
               
5. Special sense organs
   1. Formation of the eye
      1. Sclera
      2. Choroid Coat
      3. Retina
      4. Optic tracts
   2. Formation of the ear
      1. Otic vesicle
      2. Osseous labyrinth
      3. Membranous labyrinth
      4. Middle ear
      5. Outer ear
         
6. Anomalies
   1. Rachischisis
   2. Spina bifida
   3. Anencephalus
   4. Anophthalmia, microphthalmia, cyclopia, coloboma, persistent iridopupillary membrane
   5. Congenital deafness
   6. Atresia of external acoustic meatus
   7. Auricular anomalies
      

Development of face, jaws, teeth, and oral structures

1. Maxillary processes
   1. Palatine structures
   2. Nasal septum development
      
2. Mandibular processes
   
3. Nasal placodes and prominences
   
4. Frontal prominences
5. Branchial arch material
6. Tongue development
7. Thyroid development
   
   
8. Anomalies
   1. Cleft lip, jaw, and palate; oblique facial cleft; macro and microstomia
   2. Thyroglossal cysts and fistulas, aberrant thyroid tissue
   3. Lateral cervical (branchial) cyst
   4. Internal and external branchial fistula
      
      

Digestive System

1. Yolk sac formation and contributions
2. Foregut, midgut, and hindgut structures
3. Pharyngeal pouches
   1. Eustachian tubes and tympanic cavities
   2. Tonsillar fossae
   3. Parathyroids
   4. Thymus
   5. Ultimobranchial bodies
4. Esophagus
5. Stomach
6. Duodenum
   1. Pancreas
   2. Liver and gall bladder
7. Jejunum
8. Ileum
9. Cecum and appendix
10. Colon
11. Rectum
12. Anal canal
13. Anomalies
    1. Omphalocele
    2. Major congenital umbilical herniation
    3. Eventration of abdominal viscera
    4. Abnormal gut rotation
    5. Esophageal atresia
    6. Meckel's diverticulum
    7. Text reading

1. Larynx
2. Trachea and bronchi
3. Lungs
   1. Alveolar development
   2. Surfactant secretion
4. Anomalies
   1. Ectopic lung lobes
   2. Congenital cysts
   3. Tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia

    

Body Cavities and Mesenteries

1. Pericardial cavity
2. Pleural cavity
3. Pleuropericardial folds
4. Pleuroperitoneal folds
5. Septum transversum and diaphragm formation
   1. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
6. Peritoneal cavity
   1. Dorsal mesentery derivatives
   2. Ventral mesentery derivatives
   3. Retroperitoneal and peritoneal organs
      
      

Urogenital System

1. Nephrotome (intermediate mesoderm)
2. Pronephric derivatives
   1. Tubules
   2. Duct
3. Mesonephric derivatives
   1. Tubules
   2. Duct
4. Metanephric derivatives
   1. Tubules
   2. Duct
5. Urinary bladder
6. Gonadal ridges
   1. Primary germ cells
   2. Ovarian development
      1. Follicles
      2. Paramesonephric duct system
      3. Mesenteries and ligaments
   3. Testicular development
      1. Seminiferous tubules
      2. Mesonephric duct system
      3. Testicular descent
7. Accessory sex organs
   1. Prostate
   2. Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
   3. Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) gland
   4. Urethral (Skene's) gland
   5. Other urethral glands
   6. Vestigial structures
8. External genitalia
   1. Genital tubercle
      1. Clitoris-corpora cavernosae
      2. Penis-corpora cavernosae and spongiosum
   2. Urogenital sinus
      1. Urinary bladder
      2. Urethra
      3. Vagina
   3. Labioscrotal folds
      1. Labia majora
      2. Scrotum
   4. Urethral folds
      1. Labia minora
      2. Penile folds and raphe
9. Anomalies
   1. Cryptochism
   2. Hypospadias
   3. Gartner's cyst
   4. Text readings

Circulatory System

1. Hematopoietic tissue
   1. Mesenchyme and blood islands
   2. Myeloid tissue
   3. The spleen
   4. The liver
2. The heart
   1. Vitelline and other major veins
   2. Sinus venosus
   3. Bulbous Cordis
      1. Truncus arteriosus
      2. Conus cordis
      3. Trabeculated part
   4. Atrial development
      1. Interatrial septa
      2. Foramen ovale
   5. Ventricular development
      1. Interventricular septum
      2. Bicuspid, tricuspid, and semilunar valves
   6. Anomalies
      1. Tetralogy of Fallot
      2. Patent foramen ovale
      3. Text readings
3. Veins
   1. Caval system
      1. Precardinals
         1. Jugulars
         2. Cranial sinuses
         3. Coronary sinus
         4. Subclavians
         5. Superior vena cava
      2. Postcardinals
         1. Subcardinals
         2. Supracardinals
         3. Inferior vena cava
         4. Azygos - hemiazygos system
   2. Hepatic portal system
      1. Vitelline veins
      2. Hepatic veins
      3. Umbilical veins
      4. Ductus venosus
   3. Pulmonary veins
4. Arteries
   1. Aortic arches
      1. Dorsal aortic anterior extensions
      2. Ventral aortic roots
      3. External carotids
      4. Internal carotids and the third aortic arches
      5. The fourth aortic arches
         1. Part of arch of the aorta
         2. Proximal part right subclavian artery
   2. Sixth aortic arches
      
   1. Pulmonary arteries
   2. Ductus arteriosus
   3. Dorsal aortae
      1. Dorsal intersegmental arteries
         1. Subclavians and distal branches
         2. Iliacs and distal branches
      2. Lateral segmental arteries
         1. Renal arteries
         2. Suprarenal arteries
         3. Gonadal arteries
      3. Ventral segmental arteries
         1. Vitelline arteries
         2. Celiac artery
         3. Superior mesenteric artery
         4. Inferior mesenteric artery
      4. Umbilical arteries
      5. Part of arch of aorta and intermediate right subclavian artery
   4. Anomalies
      1. Patent ductus arteriosus
      2. Coarctation of aorta
      3. Abnormal origin of right subclavian artery
      4. Double aortic arch
5. Lymphatic vessels
   1. Primordial lymph sacs
   2. Cisterna Chyli
   3. Thoracic and right lymphatic ducts
   4. Lymph node development
      
      

Certain Endocrine Glands

1. Adrenal glands
   1. Cortex
   2. Medulla
2. Hypophysis
   1. Infundibulum
   2. Rathke's pouch

Early Embryology:

Fertilization

1. Describe the movement of spermatozoa from the vagina to the fallopian tube
2. For each of the following steps in fertilization:
   1. Discuss the major events and outcomes
   2. Give the stimuli
      1. capacitation
      2. dispersion of corona radiata
      3. penetration of zona pellucida
      4. zona reaction
      5. acrosome reaction
3. Discuss the events immediately following fertilization:
   1. Completion of the second meiotic division
   2. Initiation of cleavage
   3. Summarize the results of fertilization
      
      

Events of Week One

1. Discuss the characteristics and outcomes of cleavage
2. For each of the following:
   1. Describe the development
   2. Describe the structure
   3. Give the function
      -morula
      -blastocyst
3. Discuss the process of attachment and implantation
   
   

Events of Week Two

1. Discuss the development and function of the trophoblast
2. Describe the development and structure of the bilaminar disc
3. Describe the development and structure of the definitive yolk sac and amnion
4. Name the components of the:
   1. Chorion
   2. Amnion
5. Describe the development of the:
   1. Amniotic cavity
   2. Chorionic cavity
6. Diagram and label the embryo at day 13
7. Describe hydatiform mole and chorionepithelioma
   
   

Events of Week Three

1. Describe the location and significance of the primitive streak and node
2. Describe the process and outcomes of gastrulation
3. Describe the notochord
4. Discuss the sensitivity of the embryo to teratogens
5. Discuss the cause and characteristics of teratomas of primitive streak origin
   
   

Embryonic Period

1. Define the embryonic period
2. Recognize the derivatives of the three germ layers
3. Discuss susceptibility to teratogens
4. Describe the process and outcomes of the:
   1. Head-tail fold
   2. Lateral fold
5. Describe the process and outcomes of neurulation
6. Discuss anomalies resulting from abnormal neurulation processes
7. Describe the major events occurring in the embryonic period
   
   

Fetal Period

1. Define the fetal period
2. Give the major events occurring in the fetal period
3. Describe changes in the relative size of the head during the fetal period
4. Give the normal duration of pregnancy
   
   

Skeletal System

1. Discuss the formation of somites
2. Discuss the development of the ribs
3. Discuss the development of the limbs
4. Discuss the formation of the skull
5. Discuss the characteristics of branchial arch mesoderm
6. Give the skeletal derivatives of the branchial arches
7. Discuss the development of the limb buds
8. Discuss in situ bone formation in the limb bones
9. Discuss the development of the sternum
10. Give the type of bone formation for all bones:
    1. Endochondral
    2. Intramembraneous
11. For each of the following skeletal problems:
    1. Define
    2. Give the underlying developmental error or problem
       -syndactyly
       -polydactyly
       -rudimentary rib
       -forked rib
       -suprasternal bones
       -notched xiphoid process
       -perforated sternum
       -amelia
       -hemimelia
       -sirenomelia
       -lobster claw
       -complete or partial absence of clavicles
       -radius or fibula lacking
       -cranioschisis
       -encephalocele
       -craniosynostosis
       -microcephaly
       -macrocephaly
       -hydrocephalus
       -scaphocephaly
       -acrocephaly
       -plagiocephaly
       -anencephaly
       -cleft sternum
       -supernumery ribs (eg. cervical rib)
       -club foot
       
       

Muscular System

1. Give the neural innervation of each branchial arch
2. List the muscles derived from each branchial arch
3. Discuss the development of muscles from the myotomes C₁-S₅
   1. Give the innervation
   2. List the derivatives at various levels from the
      -epimere
4. Give the likely derivatives of occipital and preotic myotomes
5. Discuss the development of the limb muscles

PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN

AFFECTIVE DOMAIN